Propionic acid is the preservative the food industry lists as E280. In our table it is low risk: it takes 6 points off the additive subscore (about 2 of the 100).
- The key finding, from EFSA: NOAEL 0.3% / LOAEL 1% propionic acid in the diet (90-day dog study, reversible site-of-contact effect); no ADI allocated; concentrations in food at maximum permitted levels are a factor of three below the effect concentration, no safety concern (10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3779)
- No child flag. The class, and the points it costs, are the same for a child of any age.
- Where you meet it. It turns up in 1 of the 10,000 packaged foods scanned most on Open Food Facts. Nine in ten of those foods are sold in Europe (counted 26 Sep 2026).
- 3 citations from EFSA, peer-reviewed research and the FDA, each one below.
What Propionic acid does to a score
A packaged food's additive subscore starts at 100 and loses points for each additive on the label; that subscore is a third of the final score. Propionic acid takes 6 points off the additive subscore (about 2 of the 100). Scan the pack in Sito and the score you get is the one for your own child's age, with this additive named in the reasons. How we score has the whole method.
See what is in your own cupboard
Scan a packaged food and Sito names the additives in it, then scores the product out of 100 for your child's age.
What the sources found
Every classification in our table comes from the citations below, and nothing else. Each finding is our one-line summary of what the source concluded, with the source and reference beside it.
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EFSA
10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3779
NOAEL 0.3% / LOAEL 1% propionic acid in the diet (90-day dog study, reversible site-of-contact effect); no ADI allocated; concentrations in food at maximum permitted levels are a factor of three below the effect concentration — no safety concern. -
Peer-reviewed
Tirosh et al., Sci Transl Med 2019; doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aav0120
Propionate raises glucagon and FABP4 and impairs insulin action in mice and humans. -
FDA
21 CFR §184.1081 (propionic acid, GRAS)
GRAS in the US.
Why this class
A credible adverse or precautionary signal that stops short of every Moderate and High criterion: peer-reviewed adverse findings not yet reflected in regulatory status, an exposure exceedance confined to high-percentile or single-event estimates, or a precautionary regulatory step short of those criteria, a reduced ADI, a data limitation noted without an adverse conclusion, a narrowed or conditioned authorisation, or a child-focused assessment or school-food law that covers the additive as part of a class.
Our confidence in this row's classification is medium. Medium or low does not mean the evidence is weak; it means something about the row is still being pinned down, usually a regulatory status confirmed from one source rather than two.
Questions parents ask
Is Propionic acid (E280) safe for kids?
Low risk. In Sito it takes 6 points off the additive subscore (about 2 of the 100). The finding we rely on: NOAEL 0.3% / LOAEL 1% propionic acid in the diet (90-day dog study, reversible site-of-contact effect); no ADI allocated; concentrations in food at maximum permitted levels are a factor of three below the effect concentration, no safety concern (EFSA, 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3779).
What is E280?
E280 is the E number for Propionic acid, a preservative. Open Food Facts tags it en:e280.
Next to it on the label
The E numbers either side of E280 in our table, then the closest preservatives by number.
- Potassium nitrate (E252), high risk, flagged for young children
- Lactic acid (E270), no risk identified
- Sodium propionate (E281), low risk
- Calcium propionate (E282), low risk
- Boric acid (E284), moderate risk, flagged for young children
- borax (E285), moderate risk, flagged for young children